Browsing Working Papers (ICM/IKL) by Year Published
Now showing items 1-20 of 140
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Abstract: Tourism policy matters in cultural tourism. The starting point of this paper is the observation that many tourism policy studies draw three inter-related conclusions. One, tourism policy must be inclusive and require the support of different stakeholders (Baker 2009; Bernhard Jørgensen and Munar 2009). Two, a balanced approach to tourism policy is needed to harness the benefits of tourism while mitigating negative effects (Budeanu 2009; Chang 1997; Jenkins 1997; Leheny 1995, Newby 1994; Teo and Yeoh, 1997). Three, tourism policies should accentuate and maintain the cultural uniqueness and authenticity of the destination (Morgan et al. 2011). It seems that many tourism authorities are ignorant of local interests, unaware of the touristification of local cultures and uninterested in promoting local cultures. But local cultures and communities are what that constitute cultural tourism. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8394 Files in this item: 1
Can-Seng_Ooi_WP_2012.pdf (37.99Kb) -
The first study on Danish consumers’ tendency to compulsive buyingReisch, Lucia; Gwozdz, Wencke; Raab, Gerhard (Frederiksberg, 2011)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Background: The present study is the first study of Danish consumers on compulsive buying. It draws on a representative sample of 1,015 Danish consumers (aged between 15 and 84 years) and extends prior research undertaken in other countries (such as Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France, Canada, the US). It is the first study to shed light on the situation in a Scandinavian context and is designed to allow for a comparison with the situation in other countries. Results: The prevalence of compulsive buying tendencies in Denmark are: 9.75% of the respondents show compensatory buying behavior and 5.81% show compulsive buying tendencies. These percentages are similar to those found in Germany and slightly lower than in Austria. They are also within the range of preferences in other countries. Regarding socio‐demographics, age and sex play a decisive role while marital status, education and income cannot be associated with compulsive buying. If there is such a thing like “a typical shopaholic”, it would be a women aged between 25 and 44 years, disregarding whether she is a single or not, has a low or high education and income. The internet offers shopping opportunities that lure both, potential shopaholics and compensatory buyers more than inconspicuous buyers. Compensatory and compulsive buyers have far more customer cards than others. Conclusion: To sum up, this study identifies diverse factors that are related to compulsive buying behavior. To find out what cause is and what effect, more qualitative research as well as experimental studies are needed. Additionally, more intercultural comparisons could lead to insights into the effects of the social and cultural consumption environment, i.e., the role of norms, values, policies, and the mass media on buying behavior. This type of research has, to date, not been undertaken in any Scandinavian country. A first step is the comparison of Danish, Austrian and German data which is currently undertaken. The results of the present study together with future analyses could feed into strengthening consumer education and informing debt counseling and consumer advice. It is also relevant data for credit card companies and retail. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8391 Files in this item: 1
Lucia_Reisch_WP2.pdf (247.4Kb) -
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Abstract: This working paper takes as its starting point the work of the German economic sociologist, Jens Beckert, and his call for empirical investigations into how intentionally rational actors reach decisions under conditions when they do not know what is best to do. It describes how trade fairs act as a framing mechanism that enables participants to come together for the exchange of goods and services and to perceive themselves as acting in a social field. Fairs frame the contacts people make and sustain as networks; the institutional rules and social norms guiding their behaviour there; and the values and cognitive frames that they bring to bear and negotiate with other participants. They make actors aware of a ‘mutual correspondence’ in their interpretation of the goods in which they deal and of the social situations in which engage for the sake of such trade. Trade fairs both configure fields and make markets possible. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8293 Files in this item: 1
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2011 First Global Lonergan SurveyTackney, Charles T. (Frederiksberg, 2011)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8296 Files in this item: 1
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The New MeasureLees, Linda (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8007 Files in this item: 1
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Film Festival Research from an Organizational Studies PerspectiveRüling, Charles-Clemens; Strandgaard Pedersen, Jesper (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The annual film festival is a very European institution invented more than 60-70 years ago. As a research topic, however, film festivals have received surprisingly little and scattered attention within organization and management studies. Film festivals have recently met a mounting interest among film and media scholars. This article provides an introduction to the growing literature on film festivals and argues for a threefold research agenda within organizational studies by looking at film festivals as arenas of emergence, analyzing the role of film festivals within the global film industries, and studying film festivals as organizations. By suggesting this research agenda we intent to draw the attention of organization and management scholars to a hitherto overlooked and potentially promising area of research for organization and management studies. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8170 Files in this item: 1
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Meglio, Olimpia; Risberg, Annette (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This paper seeks to provide a different explanation to the claimed inconsistency in M&A performance research findings. While many M&A scholars contend that the problem lies in the variety of M&A performance measures, we believe that the reason for multiple ways to measure performance is that performance, like most organizational constructs, lacks universality. The variety of measures reflects the variety of the scholars’ constructions of performance and of the measurement techniques adopted. The problem is not the variety of measure, but the comparison of different measures as if they were measuring the same feature of the organization. This could be a reason for the claimed inconsistency in M&A research findings. In this article, we therefore aim at answering “How do M&A scholars measure M&A performance”? To achieve this end we conduct a systematic literature review of empirical M&A research to understand how M&A scholars measure the M&A performance construct and how they construct this measure. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8068 Files in this item: 1
WP01_AnnetteRisberg_MA_performance.pdf (243.0Kb) -
Ooi, Can-Seng (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Societal changes are seldom discussed in the literature on city branding. The time element is important because it highlights the fluctuating reality of society. The city brand message freezes the place but in fact, the city branding exercise is a continuous process. Society emerges too. City brands are supposed to accentuate the uniqueness of the city, be built from the bottom-up and reflect the city’s identity. This paper highlights three paradoxes, pointing out that city branding processes can also make cities more alike, bring about societal changes and forge new city identities. A city branding campaign does not just present the city, it may change the city. The relationships between the branding exercise and the city are intertwined in the evolution of the place. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8014 Files in this item: 1
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A view from the edgeMoeran, Brian (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This working paper reflects upon the difficulties of being interdisciplinary when studying the creative industries. After outlining the basic premises behind the ©reative Encounters research programme, it brings into play two editing activities in which the author has been involved over the past six months. One of these is a four volume set of readings in the creative industries which shows that, even though most writing on ‘creative’ industries stem from various governments’ national policies promulgated from the end of the 1990s, there is plenty of material ‘out there’ from the late 1940s onwards. The other is an edited book on the role of fairs, festivals and competitive events in the creative industries which also revealed the extent to which history tended to be overlooked in a specific context by contemporary scholars in different disciplines. The paper concludes by asking what enables and what hinders interdisciplinarity, suggesting that institutional structures and the publishing industry in many ways are designed to prevent innovation in intellectual fields. It is these, therefore, that need to be reconsidered if we are to be successful in crossing over from one discipline to another. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8175 Files in this item: 1
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Bille, Trine; Agersnap, Flemming; Jensen, Søren; Vestergaard, Trine (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to study careers and income conditions of performing artists in Denmark on the basis of national statistics. The paper uses three different criteria for defining performing artist, and looks at the implications observed on careers and income conditions. The three different criteria for defining performing artists are: 1) Having a job as performing artist, 2) Graduation from a performing art school, and 3) Membership of professional performing artist’s association. The paper has focus on three questions: How are the income conditions of performing artists in the period 1996 – 2007? How are the career length and patterns of the performing artists in Denmark? How is the careers related to the income conditions of the artists? The results concerning the living conditions for performing artists shows in general very low income levels for most of the artists, and only about 1/3 of them are working within the theatre sector. A regression model for 2007 shows a positive effect on earning of age, being a man, working in Copenhagen capital area, having work experience, having a basic actor education, and work as a dancer/choreograph or as an actor/director. The analysis of career length shows that most performing actors have very short careers of one or two years. Cross-tabulations for 2007 shows that those with short careers in general have very low income, while those with longer careers have substantial higher income, and most of them have an income high enough to make a living. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8177 Files in this item: 1
50-Trine Bille.pdf (275.1Kb) -
Thoughts from DenmarkBlasco, Maribel; Tackney, Charles T. (, 2009)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Denmark is among the world’s most competitive nations. At the same time it has a strong tradition of citizenship‐oriented tertiary education. Nevertheless, we are currently witnessing the erosion of this tradition, arguably as a result of neoliberal ideologies ushered in by globalization and internationalization processes. These processes have stirred domestic fears, evident in government reports, about the need to improve Danish higher education to ‘meet the challenges of globalisation’. Concrete instances of possible erosion include recent directives to examine and grade group work on an individual basis, the abolition of the ‘13’ grade for individual or group performance, and the introduction of measurable skills via “learning objectives,” for all tertiary education courses. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7921 Files in this item: 1
wp 2009-4.pdf (318.0Kb) -
Leander, Anna (Frederiksberg, 2009)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This article begins by clarifying and defining field and habitus (1) anchoring these concepts in a tradition drawing on the work of Pierre Bourdieu, but also underlining the extent to which the concepts have been used beyond this tradition (2). The article then proceeds to discuss the use of field and habitus in international studies (3). It points out that field and habitus can be (and has long been) used for empirical studies linking the national, the international and the transnational. However, the concepts were imported into scholarly IR/IPE disciplines proper as part of the theoretical discussions surrounding the reflectivist turn. At present, field and habitus are often used to transcend the key divides (inside/outside and public/private) rather than to study relations across them. Finally, the article concludes on the avenues for further research using field and habitus in international studies, insisting on the scope for enhancing and clarifying the heuristic value of the concepts (4). URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7966 Files in this item: 1
Habitus_and_Field_Working_Paper.pdf (178.5Kb) -
Leander, Anna (Frederiksberg, 2009)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The integration of private international security into Security Studies reflects the relatively recent nature of the market. The literature on the topic revolves around the basics of placing private international security on the agenda (1a); explaining and understanding the market (1b) and problematizing its relationship to central questions in international security (1c). The current trend in the field is to face the—still largely open—challenge of taking research further, both by completing, refining and updating current research efforts (2a) and by expanding and enriching the research agenda to more fully explore the politics of market development (2b). Paradoxically, as this entry concludes, this is leading scholars to abandon the focus on “privatization” and instead pushing them to formulate research agenda in new terms such as commercialization, commodification, governance or governmentality. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7967 Files in this item: 1
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A Reflection on Historical Sociology and IRLeander, Anna (Frederiksberg, 2009)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: In 2004 I published an argument to the effect that “taking Tilly seriously” could help International Relations (IR) scholars understand some of the processes and mechanisms involved in state-building (Leander, 2004: the chapter is pasted in at the end of this statement). This short statement is a reflection on why, if I were to write that piece today, it would be written differently. I would still argue that we should all engage the Historical Sociology of State-Building (HSS) in a serious way (go beyond the folklore as I termed it in 2004) but my inclination today would be to be far more explicit about to the pitfalls of not going beyond the folklore as well as about the importance of studies of practices (in anthropology, ethnography, geography, regional/area studies or even IR, sic!) in signposting these pitfalls. This change in tone has less to do with any particular idea or argument in historical sociology, and even less with the work of any particular historical sociologist (seen the focus of this workshop Tilly will figure as the recurring reference point) than it does with the way the HSS is read, feeds into and shapes IR discussions (section 1). The way HSS has been integrated into IR has led scholars deeper into the pitfalls which hamper their understanding of contemporary state-building. More specifically it has perpetuated a misconstrued understanding of the inside/outside, it has obscured the nature and role of the private/public, and that it has devalued contextually specific articulations of politics and governance (sections 2-4). This “misunderstanding” is not only a scholastic matter as it translates into policies that are ineffective, inadequate not to say positively harmful (section 5). As the statement concludes, the implication is that IR scholars who decide to walk the terrain chartered by HSS would do well to observe the warning signposts set up by observers of political practices around these pitfalls. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7968 Files in this item: 1
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The Case of the CIA “Killing Program”Leander, Anna (Frederiksberg, 2009)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: “Risk” has become a major theme in the social sciences over the past two decades. It has been argued to reshape social and political life not only by placing new issues on the agenda but also by generating new “governmental rationalities”. These debates have in various forms also began to influence international studies. It has already been shown that the introduction of risk has altered strategic rationality. An uncertain imagined future of Rumsfeldian “unknown unknowns” has become integral to military strategic thinking. In the process technologies used to wage war and the actors involved have also evolved. Continuing the discussion, this article moves on to look at the implications of these changes for legal and political boundaries in one specific area of international politics; it traces the link between the spread of risk rationality (or governance through risk) and the development of apolitical and unaccountable military markets. Risk rationality creates what I will tentatively term a preventive imperative that tends to spread across areas and is assisted in the process by the rapidly expanding ranks of risk professionals. The preventive imperative is key to the rapid growth of private military markets as well as to the difficulty of politicizing—in the sense of creating a critical public debate—about the market as opposed to about the a given scandal (e.g. Nisour Square incident) or firm (e.g. Blackwater). The difficulty of politicizing the market has strong implications for the (non-)working of accountability. It creates what I will dub an accountability paradox where the way accountability is pursued reinforces the impunity of markets and of specific market actors. The reason is that it pre-empts serious consideration of the public/private enmeshment which is the “blind spot” of present legal instruments and it positively reaffirms existing “regulation” in all its defectiveness. Neither security professionals nor lawyers are susceptible to resolve this paradox. Reference to the CIA “Killing Program” anchors and illustrates the argument. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7965 Files in this item: 1
Risk_working_paper.pdf (145.5Kb) -
Undergraduate Synopsis-based Oral Examinations at a Scandinavian Business SchoolTackney, Charles T.; Strömgren, Ole; Sato, Toyoko (, 2009)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: We report a local or regional undergraduate examination form – the synopsis-based oral examination (S-BOE), as it is deployed in both large and small international management education programs at a Scandinavian business school. The S-BOE format is designed to assess student cognitive achievement in light of specified learning objectives through a focused presentation and dialogue involving an examiner and qualified censor, the latter being formally present to ensure process fairness for both examiner and student. It affords the examiner and censor the opportunity to explore student cognitive skills over the known range: unistructural > multistructural > relational > extended abstract (Biggs, J. 1999). Individuals as well as student project groups may be assessed using this approach. Administrative costs do not significantly exceed that of other course assessment formats: written reports or in-class group examinations. There are also interesting learning efficiencies; practitioner experience, reflection, and dialogue with students suggest that all students experience this examination format as a learning experience in itself, over a range of course-related knowledge issues and interpersonal skilling. Exemplary students manifest “dramatic knowledge” in those instances when they creatively display a comprehensive, reflective, and reflexive understanding of course material in presentation and subsequent intersubjective dialogue. The authors discuss important features of this undergraduate examination format that remain largely overlooked and under-appreciated in terms that regionally and locally contextualize international accreditation standards and process. At a time when economic, efficiency, and standardization concerns increasingly pressure educational institutions to adopt testing methods that are psychologically “distant” in respect to the instructor-student relationship, the synopsis-based oral examination is an interesting alternative suitable for small as well as large academic programs. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7920 Files in this item: 1
wp 2009-3.pdf (234.8Kb) -
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Abstract: This paper argues that security belongs to a specific category of commodities: “contested commodities” around which there is an ongoing and unsettled symbolic struggle over whether or not they can and should be though of as commodities (section 1). The contested nature of commodification has implications for how markets function; market practices tend to be defined and organized in ways that minimize their contentiousness and obfuscate their expansion. The paper looks at the implications of this argument for the conceptualization of the security. It focuses on the three central articulations of contestation: the discussion about whether the use of force can be left to the market, whether it can be so in the international realm and the discussion about whether or not markets trigger increased insecurity. It shows how this specific articulation of contestation has produced markets where the practice/definition of security is as public rather than private (section 2), as inside rather than outside (section 3) and as a responsible reaction to a threat rather than as something contributing to the constitution of threats (section 4). Conceptualizations of private security consequently have to be devised to capture these practical consequences of contested commodification; they need to capture the private in the public, the inside in the outside and the securitizing in the response to threats. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7964 Files in this item: 1
Contested_Commodity_working_paper.pdf (152.8Kb) -
Leander, Anna (Frederiksberg, 2009)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This entry gives an overview of the debate about private security. It can not pretend to cover everything in equal detail. It is geared to highlight the parts of the discussion about commercial security practices that are of most immediate interest to New Security Studies. Very succinctly put, the entry shows the pertinence of the emerging research agenda where commercial security practices are part of a broader analysis of evolving insecurities, of (in)security spaces and of everyday practices, insisting on the scope for further developments with regard to these issues (section 2). The entry also suggests that the although the more conventional literature on the subject—mostly framed in terms of privatization—has made valuable contributions to the debates about commercial security, it has limited analytical clout for analyzing the politics of commercial security. Worse it sometimes obscures it (section 1). It is therefore not surprising that commercialization is currently tending to replace privatization as the vantage point from which analysis is taking place. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7963 Files in this item: 1
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Participation and Distribution Decisions in Japan's Industrial Relations System after World War II - Evidence of Conversion and Workplace EvangelizationTackney, Charles T. (, 2009)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: In this paper, and even more in presentation, I will be going out rather far out on the limb of my training in industrial relations. Such is, perhaps, the intent of the collaborative process envisioned by Lonergan, no less than the theme of this conference. It will be evident from my referencing specializations far from my field, along with the shaky tone of voice, that the limb is beginning to bend and, perhaps, may be about to give way. If the participants could offer a turning word that will aid this investigation, I would be grateful. This paper takes the form of an extended essay. We begin with a very simple and specific policy proposal for the current U.S. economic crisis, which I offer from my studies in industrial relations. Thereafter, as the section headings suggest, we will venture far afield. The distance travelled is necessary due to the topic, the nations, and the cultures involved. My aim is, first, to shed light upon one particular set of decisions taken in Japan, in the immediate aftermath of the Pacific War, and how these effected industrial relations developments thereafter. Second, and on a different level of analysis, I will present evidence that singular collaboration took place in Japanese history, at a specific point in time, that certainly appears to anticipate the notion of cosmopolis as Lonergan describes this utopian scheme. Third, I will end with brief points of possible further interest to Lonergan scholars. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7919 Files in this item: 1
wp 2009-2.pdf (316.4Kb) -
Negotiating Values in the Creative IndustriesMoeran, Brian; Strandgaard Pedersen, Jesper (Frederiksberg, 2009)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This paper looks at creative industry events – in particular fairs and festivals – and at how they provide a venue for the (re)enactment of institutional arrangements in a particular industry field, as well as for the negotiation and affirmation of different values that underpin them. Tracing the study of such field configuring events back to studies in economic anthropology and sociology, the authors of the paper argue that it is the notion of values that underpins fairs, festivals, awards, auctions and similar events. Going beyond the economist’s notion of ‘Value’ in the singular, the paper posits that, in order to understand the relationship between culture and economy, we need to consider a plurality of material/technical, social, situational, appreciative and functional values when examining how economic Value is derived from creative products. It is these values that are continuously being (re)negotiated and transacted by those participating in creative industry fairs and festivals. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7982 Files in this item: 1
33_BM_JS_Fairs_and_Festivals_FINAL.pdf (280.4Kb)
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