Browsing Working Papers (INT) by Year Published
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Freedom of Expression in a Soft Authoritarian RegimeOoi, Can-Seng (København, 2006)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6580 Files in this item: 1
working paper int_can-seng ooi_1.pdf (81.37Kb) -
Ooi, Can-Seng; Gomez, James (København, 2006)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6623 Files in this item: 1
working paper int_can-seng ooi_2-1.pdf (57.15Kb) -
Gammelgaard, Jens; McDonald, Frank; Tüselmann, Heinz-Josef; Dörrenbächer, Christoph; Stephan, Andreas (København, 2006)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This paper develops a conceptual framework on the strategic development of subsidiaries and the direct employment of skilled labour. The framework is based on autonomy, and intra and inters organizational relationships. The conceptual model outlines the conditions that are likely to lead to too much, or too little, autonomy and intra and inter organizational relationships. This model is then used to develop propositions on the links between autonomy and intra and inter organizational relationships and direct employment of skilled labour. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6521 Files in this item: 1
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Ooi, Can-Seng (København, 2006)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6605 Files in this item: 1
working paper int_can-seng ooi.pdf (93.41Kb) -
A Meta AnalysisMeyer, Klaus E.; Sinani, Evis (København, 2005)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The extensive empirical literature analyzing productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment to local firms provides inconclusive results. Some studies find that foreign presence has a positive impact on the productivity of domestic firms, while others find no evidence or a negative effect. Differences in the results may be attributable to contexts, such as the structural differences between developed, developing and transition economies. However, results may also vary due to different empirical methodologies, notably the use of aggregate versus firm-level data and cross-section versus panel data analysis. We conduct a meta-analysis to investigate reasons for these conflicting results, and provide a revised interpretation of earlier research and its policy implications, and new priorities for future research. Our analysis suggests that the hypothesized spillovers are not confirmed for industrialized countries in the 1990s. Transition economies may experience spillovers, but these have been declining in recent years. Keywords: developing countries, transition economies, spillovers, foreign direct investment, technology transfer, meta-analysis URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6540 Files in this item: 1
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[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6538 Files in this item: 1
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Håkanson, Lars (København, 2005)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: All knowledge is context dependent. The relevant context is the social community where it resides, i.e. the ‘epistemic community’ formed as groups of people define and legitimize the knowledge they possess. In the mutual engagement in a common enterprise, epistemic communities develop, maintain and nurture the codes, tools and theories that provide the basis of their practice. Commonalities of code, tools and theory facilitate both voluntary transfer and involuntary imitation of knowledge within communities, also ones spanning organizational boundaries. Conversely, knowledge transfer between different epistemic communities, whether desired or unintended, is often cumbersome and fraught with difficulties. In order to achieve effective integration and cooperation between its various professional communities and subcultures, firms must therefore undertake investments in boundary-spanning mechanisms. Since these investments are specific to the context in which they take place and to the transactions that they enable, they cannot easily be organized through arm’s length contracts. Firms exist because they have a relative advantage over markets in the integration of diverse knowledge. However, the associated capabilities need not translate into a relative advantage also in the transfer of knowledge, i.e. knowledge exchanged between members of the same epistemic community. Within communities, knowledge disseminates with relative ease both intentionally and through emulation. Knowledge thus acquired can generally be applied also outside the context of the exchange and the effort or investment expended in its acquisition is not transaction specific. The governance mode applied in such exchanges is therefore determined by strategic and contextual factors, including those of traditional transaction cost logic. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6581 Files in this item: 1
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From Czechoslovakia To The Czech Republic and SlovakiaOoi, Can-Seng; Peji´c Kristensen, Tatjana; Lomanová Pedersen, Zdenka (København, 2004)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Tourism offers an arena through which a place identity is imagined, negotiated and contained. This paper compares the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and show how these countries construct and assert their identities through tourism. They both share a common history as Czechoslovakia, however, they are perceived differently by the outside world. These former Eastern Bloc countries are promoting themselves in several ways and they are also marginalising their socialist past and invoking their Central European identity. The Czech and Slovak search for destination identity takes into account tourists’ demands and perceptions. This paper introduces the concept of the orientalist tourist gaze, and demonstrates how orientalism may manifest in tourism. Data on how these two countries are imagined were collected in Denmark. Keywords: destination identity, host society-guest interaction, impact of tourism, orientalism URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6576 Files in this item: 1
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A Comparative Analysis of China and IndiaPatibandla, Murali (København, 2004)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Qualitative information and data show significant differences in the magnitude and type of foreign direct investment inflows among developing economies. Explanation of the differences requires analysis of market institutional factors as well as the supply and demand side conditions. This paper adopts the approach that different configurations of supply, demand and market institutional factors explain the type of investment flows into developing economies. The argument is illustrated through a comparative study of China and India. Key Words: Developing Economies; Foreign Direct Investment; China, and India JEL Classification: F23, P52 URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6524 Files in this item: 1
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Global Competition, Collective Efficiency, and Local DevelopmentLorentzen, Jochen; Robbins, Glen; Barnes, Justin (København, 2004)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The paper describes the formation of the Durban Auto Cluster in the context of trade liberalization. It argues that the improvement of operational competitiveness of firms in the cluster is prominently due to joint action. It tests this proposition by comparing the gains from cluster activities in the areas of supplier development, human resource development, logistics, and benchmarking, and by contrasting the impact of joint action against a host of other variables, notably international competition and technical assistance by foreign partners. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6598 Files in this item: 1
lorentzenrobbinsbarnesoctober2004.pdf (456.8Kb) -
Consequences for Economic and Employment GrowthNarula, Rajneesh (København, 2004)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This paper seeks to broaden our understanding of the concept underlying absorptive capacity at the macro –level, paying particular attention to the growth and development perspectives. We provide definitions of absorptive and technological capacity, external technology flows, productivity growth, employment creation and their interrelations. We then analyse the elements of absorptive capability, focusing on the nature of the relationship within a systems view of an economy, focusing primarily on the role of firm and non-firm actors and the institutions that connect them, both within and across borders. We also undertake to explain how the nature of absorptive capacity changes with stages of economic development, and the importance of the different aspects of absorptive capability at different stages. The relationship is not a linear one: the benefits that accrue from marginal increases in absorptive capability change over time. Finally, we provide a tentative and preliminary conceptual argument of how the different stages of absorptive capacity are related to productivity growth, economic growth and employment creation. Key words: New economy, absorptive capacity, knowledge URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6559 Files in this item: 1
druid 04-02.pdf (446.8Kb) -
Mygind, Niels (København, 2004)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: With reference to the discussion about shareholder versus stakeholder maximization it is argued that the normal type of maximization is in fact stakeholder-owner maxi-mization. This means maximization of the sum of the value of the shares and stake-holder benefits belonging to the dominating stakeholder-owner. Maximization of shareholder value is a special case of owner-maximization, and only under quite re-strictive assumptions shareholder maximization is larger or equal to stakeholder-owner maximization. Broad stakeholder maximization is the sum of the returns to all stake-holders also including the shareholders of a company. Although it may be the ultimate goal for Corporate Social Responsibility to achieve this kind of maximization, broad stakeholder maximization is quite difficult to give a precise definition. There is no one-dimensional measure to add different stakeholder benefits not traded on the mar-ket, and therefore there is no possibility for practical application. Broad stakeholder maximization instead in practical applications becomes satisfying certain stakeholder demands, so that the practical application will be stakeholder-owner maximization un-der constraints defined by other stakeholders’ interests. These constraints vary for dif-ferent stakeholder owners and new standards for Corporate Social Responsibility and more active political consumers will strengthen these constraints. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6613 Files in this item: 1
share stake max wp53 2004.pdf (132.8Kb) -
Håkanson, Lars (København, 2004)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: All knowledge is context dependent. The relevant context is the social community where it resides, i.e. the ‘epistemic community’ formed as groups of people define and legitimize the knowledge they possess. In the mutual engagement in a common enterprise, epistemic communities develop, maintain and nurture the codes, tools and theories that provide the basis of their practice. Commonalities of code, tools and theory facilitate both voluntary transfer and involuntary imitation of knowledge within communities, also ones spanning organizational boundaries. Conversely, knowledge transfer between different epistemic communities, whether desired or unintended, is often cumbersome and fraught with difficulties. In order to achieve effective integration and cooperation between its various professional communities and subcultures, firms must therefore undertake investments in boundary-spanning mechanisms. Since these investments are specific to the context in which they take place and to the transactions that they enable, they cannot easily be organized through arm’s length contracts. Firms exist because they have a relative advantage over markets in the integration of diverse knowledge. However, the associated capabilities need not translate into a relative advantage also in the transfer of knowledge, i.e. knowledge exchanged between members of the same epistemic community. Within communities, knowledge disseminates with relative ease both intentionally and through emulation. Knowledge thus acquired can generally be applied also outside the context of the exchange and the effort or investment expended in its acquisition is not transaction specific. The governance mode applied in such exchanges is therefore determined by strategic and contextual factors, including those of traditional transaction cost logic. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6594 Files in this item: 1
governance and knowledge exchange 2.pdf (168.6Kb) -
Ionaşcu, Delia; Meyer, Klaus; Estrin, Saul (København, 2004)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The concept of ‘distance’ has been used by international business scholars to explain variations in international business strategies and operations across countries. The more distant a host country is from the organizational centre of a multinational enterprise (MNE), the more it has to manage cultural, regulatory and cognitive differences, and to develop appropriate entry strategies, organizational forms, and internal procedures to accommodate these differences. Scholarly research has focused on the concept of psychic distance, which has been narrowed down in empirical work to indices based on Hofstede’s work on culture. However, these measures capture only very partially the dimensions of distance of concern to international business. In this paper, we show how the broader theoretical concept of institutional distance, which incorporates normative, regulatory and cognitive aspects, affects entry strategies. Specifically, our theoretical arguments suggest that the impact of distance varies with different aspects of the concept of institutional distance, and that this impact interacts with both the investor’s experience and with the relative importance of the pertinent operation for the investing MNE. Using a unique dataset of foreign direct investment in emerging economies that incorporates multi-host as well as multi-home countries, we find empirical support for our propositions, and provide an explanation for apparently inconsistent results in the previous literature. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6620 Files in this item: 1
working paper 2004-51.pdf (550.9Kb) -
Theory and Evidence from the BalticsJones, Derek C.; Mygind, Niels (København, 2004)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: We begin by identifying a typical governance life-cycle, defined as changes in ownership structure, and including both the identity of the major owner and ownership concentration. The cycle is marked by key events and phases including start-up, initial growth, mature growth, and possibly a crisis and restructuring stage or exit stage. The governance cycle for transitional countries reflects some specific characteristics –e.g. often privatization produces specific initial ownership structures, with an unusually high proportion of insider, especially, employee ownership. Subsequently pres-sures for restructuring produce strong impulses for ownership changes. There is limited possibility for external finance because of the embryonic development of the banking system and the capital markets during early transition. The governance cycle is also influenced by specific features of the institutional, cultural and economic environment in a country. The varying importance of these fac-tors is expected to produce differences in key features of ownership cycles such as the speed at which particular ownership changes occur. To provide simple hypothesis tests, we use new and rich enterprise panel data sets for the three Bal-tic countries. The data enable various measures of ownership to be constructed (including the iden-tity of major owners and ownership concentration). The empirical analysis covers the ownership cycle with emphasis on initial ownership and subsequent changes. Our key method is to assemble a series of transition matrices showing both starting and final ownership configurations for sample enterprises and to simultaneously provide information on changes in concentration for the largest single owner. For Estonia this is supplemented with an analysis of the frequencies of different own-ership-cycles including intermediary stages of ownership. In spite of important differences in insti-tutional development, especially concerning the privatization process, we find that governance cy-cles are broadly similar in all countries. Employee ownership is rapidly fading and mainly being succeeded by managerial ownership. There are changes back and forth between manager and do-mestic external ownership, while foreign ownership is quite stable. Ownership concentration is mostly increasing after privatization, which included diversification both to employees and external owners. Since ownership diversification did not sit well with the slow development of the institu-tional framework, as expected we see a subsequent concentration of ownership on both managers, external domestic and foreign owners. However, variation in institutions, there are also important differences across countries. The adjustment of ownership structures is faster in Estonia and this can be explained by the relatively fast pace of institutional change and evolution of important gov-ernance institutions, including tough bankruptcy legislation and advances in the financial system. JEL-codes: G3, J5, P2, P3 Keywords: corporate governance, life-cycle, privatization, ownership change, transition econo-mies, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania . URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6611 Files in this item: 1
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The Absorptive Capacities of South African Automotive Component SuppliersLorentzen, Jochen (København, 2004)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Innovative firms in developing countries have the odds stacked against them in more than one way. They must contend with the objective difficulties of all sorts of capital shortages and deficient infrastructures. Highly-trained scientists, well-endowed labs, seed funding, and institutions that test and certify prototypes and protect the resulting intellectual property are few and far between in the South. They must also come to terms with global value chains in which for different reasons both multinational corporations and smaller, knowledge-intensive firms typically keep R&D close to home. And finally, they are up against the broad brush of academic thought on industrial development which essentially holds that because of the technology gap between developed and developing countries, innovation proper can only really happen in the North. Thus if innovative firms appear on the radar screen at all, they are likely to register but an errant blip, the exception to the rule, that do not warrant systematic analysis. This paper analyses the absorptive capacities of automotive component suppliers in South Africa. It shows that some firms design and manufacture innovative products, while others upgrade their technological capability or merely strive to attain execution competence. It suggests that the reason for the differential performance lies in the strategic use of advanced technical skills and the kind of learning about frontier technology engendered by R&D. It further discusses the ways in which foreign-owned technology is internalised more or less easily depending on whether or not it is controlled by multinational firms or by passive investors. Section 2 reviews the literature on absorptive capacities in developing countries. Section 3 discusses innovation and the technology frontier in the automotive industry, and Section 4 briefly outlines why this is relevant to firms in South Africa. Section 5 presents data and methodology. Section 6 discusses the findings. Section 7 concludes with suggestions for further research. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6622 Files in this item: 1
itsr&dstupidapril2004.pdf (358.6Kb) -
The Role of Multinational EnterprisesNarula, Rajneesh; Zanfei, Antonello (København, 2003)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This paper undertakes a brief evaluation of the trends in the internationalization of innovative activities. We provide a taxonomy of R&D internationalization strategies, and discuss the main relevant theoretical and empirical issues, before discussing the centripetal and centrifugal forces underlying the nature and evolution of cross border innovation. We address the issue of international technology partnering as a key strategy that is complementary to the internationalisation of innovative activities through internal means, before raising important policy dimensions and directions for future research that derive from these debates. Key words: R&D internationalization, globalisation, multinationals, alliances, technology policy JEL Codes: F23, O32 URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6628 Files in this item: 1
03-15.pdf (361.2Kb) -
Pedersen, Torben; Petersen, Bent; Sharma, Deo (, 2003)[More information][Less information]
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[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Over the past decade, European businesses have accelerated internationalization, expanding within and beyond Europe. I argue that a major driving force behind this push towards global presence is the restructuring of corporate diversification strategies, which in turn is a result of gradual changes in industry structure and the institutional environment in home markets as well as global markets. The strategic change converts diversified conglomerates to global specialists in narrower niche markets. It brings them in direct confrontation with a small number of key competitors operating worldwide. On this stage, key competitive advantages are gained by making best use of resources across the world, and by effective global integration of operations. Hence de-diversification and internationalization are opposite sides of the same coin: globalfocusing. The argument is developed based on inductive case research of the restructuring in two Danish manufacturing enterprises, and a review of overall trends in Danish businesses. On this basis, I analyze the economic and institutional forces driving this process, and suggest propositions for empirical testing. The paper points to consequences of liberalization, and is thus of high relevance for managers and policy makers in countries that are not yet as open as Denmark. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6536 Files in this item: 1
ceeswp5-2003.pdf (830.2Kb) -
The Role of Physical and Intellectual InfrastructureKottaridi, Constantina; Bernhard Nielsen, Bo (København, 2003)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Abstract In a recent global competitiveness report by the IMF, the four Nordic countries all ranked in top ten, attesting to the region’s growing attractiveness as a host location for MNCs. This paper investigates the driving forces determining foreign direct investment flows into Scandinavia. We use a panel data set covering FDI inflows to Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland for the period 1979-2000. Results suggest that, in addition to traditional determinants of FDI, technological advantages of the region are of particular importance for foreign investors. Thus, evidence is provided for the changing pattern of international production indicating strategic needs for MNCs to acquire assets and technology that are specific to particular locations. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6570 Files in this item: 1
bbn-wp4-2003.pdf (714.2Kb)