Browsing Working papers by Title
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García-Martínez, Mercedes; Cheung Petersen, Dan; Tsoukala, Chara; Alabau, Vicent; Ortíz-Martínez, Daniel; Koehn, Philipp; Carl, Michael (Edinburgh, 2014)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This document contains details about the implementation of the 3rd prototype of the casmacat workbench as well as the CRITT Translation Process Research Database (TPR-DB). It outlines the improvements of the workbench respect of the previous Deliverable 5.3. This deliverable will be updated in month 36 of the project with further improvements. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/9056 Files in this item: 1
Michael Carl_d5.4.pdf (1.965Mb) -
AddendumGarcía-Martínez, Mercedes; Carl, Michael; Mesa-Lao, Bartolomé; Alabau, Vicent; Ortíz-Martínez, Daniel; Koehn, Philipp (Edinburgh, 2014)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This document is an extension of D5.4 as suggested in the second review report. It contains de- tails about the implementation of the nal prototype of the casmacat workbench and outlines the improvements of the workbench with respect of the previous deliverable 5.4. The objective of WP5 is to integrate the translation system and user interface and to develop the casmacat workbench. This deliverable shows the functional components of the workbench and describes their interaction possibilities in the last casmacat prototype. It also describes the most recent additions to the workbench. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/9057 Files in this item: 1
Michael Carl_d5.5.pdf (1.100Mb) -
Carl, Michael; García-Martínez, Mercedes; Hill, Robin; Keller, Frank; Mesa-Lao, Bartolomé; Schaeffer, Moritz (Edinburgh, 2014)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: D1.3 marks the final CASMACAT report on user interface studies, cognitive and user modelling covering the completion of tasks T1.5 (Cognitive Modelling) and T1.6 (User Modelling) as part of Work Package 1. Within tasks T1.1 to T1.4, a series of experiments have established a solid understanding of human behaviour in computer-aided translation, focusing on the use of visualization options, different translation modalities, individual differences in translation production, translator types and translation/postediting styles. Additionally, the bulk of this experimental data has been released as a publicly available database under a creative common license and further details on this can be found in D1.4. In parallel to these more holistic studies, a second set of experiments aimed to examine some of these factors in a constrained laboratory setting. These focused on the underlying psycholinguistic processing and cognitive modelling of translators’ activity to capture reading difficulty, verification and perplexity during translation and post-editing. This deliverable combines these earlier empirical findings with experiments conducted in Year 3 of the project and grounds translation within a broader theoretical framework associated with human sentence processing and communication. As well as broadening our general understanding of bilingual cognitive processing, there were two major objectives behind the experimental investigations in Year 3. The first was to evaluate the utility of providing translators with Source-Target word alignment information through spatially-direct visual cues. The second was to determine what, if any, differences arise from expertise by comparing the results between a group of bilinguals and a group of professionally trained translators on the same translation-related tasks. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/9059 Files in this item: 1
Michael Carl_d1.3.pdf (2.686Mb) -
Olai Hansen, Bodil; Keiding, Hans (København, 2004)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: We consider a simple model of international trade under uncertainty, where production takes time and is subject to uncertainty. The riskiness of production depends on the choices of the producers, not observable to the general public, and these choices are influenced by the availability and cost of credit. If investment is financed by a bond market, then a situation may arise where otherwise identical countries end up with different levels of interest and different choices of technique, which again implies differences in achieved level of welfare. Under suitable conditions on the parameters of the model, the market may not be able to supply credits to one of the countries. The introduction of financial intermediaries with the ability to control the debtors may change this situation in a direction which is welfare improving (in a suitable sense) by increasing expected output in the country with high interest rates, while opening up for new problems of asymmetric information with respect to the monitoring activity of the banks. Keywords: Capital outflow, financial intermediaries, moral hazard JEL classification: F36, D92, E44 URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7498 Files in this item: 1
wpec072004.pdf (112.4Kb) -
Eamets, Raul; Mygind, Niels; Spitsa, Natalia (København, 2006)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Presently, legal regulation of participation of employees – financial participation as well as participation in decision-making – is not well developed in Estonia. On the one hand, it is due to the fact that no tradition of employee participation could have been formed after Estonia became independent because different, contrary political aims, e.g. development of the free-market economy and promotion of national elites, were given priority. Although employee ownership emerged during the early stage of privatization, it was a temporary phenomenon. Earlier experience with employee participation in decision-making was considered to be a relict from the time under Soviet rule and, therefore, to be discredited and not worth following. On the other hand, the solution of current employment and social problems is not associated with a higher level of participation of employees. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7112 Files in this item: 1
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Klauberg, Theis; Muravska, Tatyana; Mygind, Niels; Rezepina, Irina (København, 2006)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This report outlines main trends in employees' financial participation in Latvia including historical, socioeconomic and legal background. A special emphasis is placed on privatization during the transition period which shaped an environment for employees’ financial participation and influenced the current state of employee share ownership and profit-sharing. Attitudes of social partners and the government will be addressed. The report will show why the transition process lead to a low level of employees’ financial participation and the indifference and ignorance of policy makers concerning the development of financial participation. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7114 Files in this item: 1
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Darškuviené, Valdoné; Hanisch, Stefan; Mygind, Niels (København, 2006)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Participation of employees in decision-making in Lithuanian companies has its roots in trade union movement as well as in the practice of managing companies under Soviet rule. After Lithuania regained independence, employee ownership was used to facilitate privatization. A notable success was establishment of a number of employee-owned companies that were formerly state-owned enterprises during the first stage of privatization. However, no stronger tradition of employee participation has evolved. Current legal regulation of participation of employees - financial participation, as well as participation in decision-making - is not well developed and does not provide for stronger incentives. The solution of current employment and social problems by the Government, ruling parties as well as social partners is not associated with a higher level of participation of employees. Financial participation is viewed mainly as a way of employee motivation as initiated by managers and current owners of companies. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7110 Files in this item: 1
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Lessons from the UKMallin, Chris; Mullineux, Andy; Wihlborg, Clas (København, 2004)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: In 1992 the Cadbury Committee report on the financial aspects of corporate governance was published. The Committee had been established following the failures of a number of high profile businesses in the UK which had shaken confidence in the market. Some nine years later, in 2001, the collapse of Enron sent shockwaves through the US market. As a result of the Enron collapse and various other high profile scandals in the years since its occurrence, the US is examining its own corporate governance structures and provisions to determine how these might be improved and help avoid another Enron. The EU similarly is developing principles and legislation to improve corporate governance, and scandals such as Royal Ahold and Parmalat have helped drive further governance reforms. In this paper we detail the development of corporate governance codes in the UK and the adaptation of similar codes in the EU. We discuss the role of the financial sector in corporate governance and how principles for regulation and supervision of the financial sector complement codes of conduct and legislation in the area of corporate governance. JEL Classification numbers: G34, G28, G22, G23 Keywords: corporate governance, financial sector; institutional investors. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6789 Files in this item: 1
wplefic062004.pdf (171.8Kb) -
Wihlborg, Clas (København, 2004)[More information][Less information]
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Håkanson, Lars (København, 2008)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Based on a social-constructivist conceptualization of knowledge as residing in groups of practitioners, epistemic communities, this paper proposes a new perspective on the knowledge based view of the firm and sketches the outline of a new research agenda. It argues that the cost of governing knowledge processes depends as much on the cognitive background of the exchange partners as on the tacitness of the knowledge. Firms exist because they may form epistemic communities in their own right with enabling and motivational properties superior to those of markets in the governance of knowledge processes across epistemic boundaries. Establishing a firm as an epistemic community requires transaction specific investments that are difficult to realize under market forms of governance. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6534 Files in this item: 1
wp4-2008.pdf (121.6Kb) -
Laursen, Keld, Volker, Per Mahnke, Vejrup-Hansen (Frederiksberg, 1999)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Although there are several theories of growth of the firm, the literature is limited in two interrelated respects. First, empirical evidence does not match well theoretical predictions. Second, the firm growth literature does not address the structure of knowledge both in firms and sectors as well as knowledge flows between them. Based on existing theoretical and empirical literature, the paper outlines an ‘appreciative’ theory of firm growth and presents new testable hypotheses to inform present and future empirical research. The paper seeks to address this gap by analysing not only levels of human capital, but also its composition both on a firm and sector level. A key departure from earlier approaches is the inclusion of the role of ‘knowledge structures’ played in the growth of the firm. In this context make a distinction between (a) levels of human capital available to firms, (b) the composition of various kinds of human capital (‘firm- specific’, ‘industry-specific’, and ‘general knowledge’) contained, and (c) the diversity of knowledge domains represented to characterise the knowledge structure of firms. In addition, we present our first empirical results, using the knowledge structure approach. In the first part of our empirical analysis we find – while controlling for intial size and industry affiliation – that the availability of a high fraction of employees with higher education within each establishment (an aspect of ‘general kowledge’), is in general conducive to establishment growth. In the second part of the empirical analysis, we find important sectoral differences with respect to the ability of the level of formal education to explain firms growth. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8086 Files in this item: 1
8778730813.pdf (145.9Kb) -
Laursen, Keld; Vejrup-Hansen, Per (Frederiksberg, 1999)[More information][Less information]
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The Role of Competition and of the Initial Firm Efficiency. Evidence from the Czech Republicla Cour, Lisbeth; Ionascu, Delia (København, 2007)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: It has been argued that the effect of competition on a company’s incentive to innovate and to reduce managerial slack depends on the initial level of efficiency. For example, while firms close to the technology frontier invest more in innovation if competition increases, backward firms reduce innovation. On a panel data of Czech companies, for the years 1993-2005, we empirically assess the impact of increased competition on firm productivity and the importance of the initial firm efficiency level. We depart from the empirical literature on emerging markets by taking into account both domestic and foreign competition. In line with the theory, our results show that there is an inverted U-relationship between domestic competition and firm productivity. Our results also confirm that trade liberalization has a positive impact on productivity. However, the effect is less significant if domestic competition is not taken into account. In addition, we find that both domestic and foreign competition have an effect on productivity in companies close to the technology frontier but not in backward companies. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7653 Files in this item: 1
wp9-2007.pdf (2.398Mb) -
Some Austrian InsightsFoss, Nicolai J. (Frederiksberg, 1998)[More information][Less information]
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[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This paper argues that Austrian economics allow us to identify a number of weak spots in the modern economics of organization. Thus, neither the dispersion of tacit and subjectively knowledge in organizations, nor the entrepreneurial discovery process are comprehensively treated in this body of thought. Thinking about these issues in the context of the firm leads to a different, but perhaps complementary perspective on economic organization. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8097 Files in this item: 1
8778730570.pdf (106.7Kb) -
Glazer, Amihai; Kanniainen, Vesa; Poutvaara, Panu (København, 2008)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This paper develops a theory of consumer boycotts. Some consumers care not only about the products they buy but also about whether the firm behaves ethically. Other consumers do not care about the behavior of the firm but yet may like to give the impression of being ethical consumers. Consequently, to affect a firm’s ethical behavior, moral consumers refuse to buy from an unethical firm. Consumers who do not care about ethical behavior may join the boycott to (falsely) signal that they do care. In the firm’s choice between ethical and unethical behavior, the optimality of mixed and pure strategies depends on the cost of behaving ethically. In particular, when the cost is (relatively) low, ethical behavior arises from a prisoners’ dilemma as the firm’s optimal strategy. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7706 Files in this item: 1
dp 2008-08.pdf (225.8Kb) -
Foss, Nicolai J. (Frederiksberg, 1996)[More information][Less information]
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A theoretical probe into the borderland of Business Studies and Development StudiesHansen, Michael W.; Schaumburg-Müller, Henrik (København, 2007)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Business studies and development studies have evolved relatively independently of each other – business studies occupied with profit maximizing strategies and the activities of entrepreneurs, firms and value chains, and development studies with economic, social and political development strategies of countries and regions. However, as more and more of the world’s value-adding activities take place in developing countries and as MNCs increasingly incorporate developing countries’ markets and resources in their strategies, business studies has taken a growing interest in the particular conditions of local and foreign firms doing business in such environments. Simultaneously, as the limitations of state led development strategies have become apparent and as market ideology has become prevalent in a growing number of countries, development studies has directed growing attention towards the role of entrepreneurship, firm strategy, private sector development and foreign direct investment as vehicles for economic and social development. In other words, both fields approach business in development from different sides. This paper seeks to identify themes related to the firm in developing countries as taken up by both business and development studies. We suggest the themes of common interest and potential convergence to be those of market failures, institutions, entrepreneurship, clusters, and firm internationalization. The paper illustrates that there are substantial opportunities for cross-fertilization between the two bodies of academic enquiry, and indeed, that without a conversation between the two literatures in the era of globalization, the analytical and predictive power of both may be seriously impaired. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6756 Files in this item: 1
wps-2007_no.5.pdf (500.0Kb) -
Østrup, Finn (København, 2005)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The article analyses how government spending is determined under different exchange rate regimes in the context of a small open economy. Assuming nominal wage contracts which last for one period and assuming a benevolent government which determines government spending to optimise a representative individual’s utility, it is demonstrated that there are differences between exchange rate regimes with respect to the level of government spending. These differences arise first because a rise in government spending affects macroeconomic variables differently under different exchange rate regimes, and second because the government’s inclination to expand government spending is affected by inflation which depends on the exchange rate regime. At low rates of inflation, the government is inclined to set a higher level of government spending under a fixed exchange rate regime than under a floating exchange rate regime in which the monetary authority optimises preferences which include an employment target and an inflation target. As government spending affects the representative individual’s utility, the choice of exchange rate regime has an impact on welfare. Keywords: exchange rate regimes; fiscal policy; monetary union; inflation targeting. JEL classicification: E42, E61, E62, F33. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7140 Files in this item: 1
endeligt_wp_2005-1.pdf (290.0Kb) -
An Organizational Change PerspectiveM Burton, Richard; Lauridsen, Jørgen; Obel, Børge (Odense, 1999)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: We present the concept of organizational misfit as a complement to multi-contingency theory fit concepts for organizational performance. Firms with misfits have opportunity losses that firms without misfits do not suffer. Using data from 232 small and medium sized Danish firms, we confirm the hypotheses that firms with either or both situational and contingency misfits have lower performance increases than firms without misfits. Further, a firm may not obtain increased performance from the elimination of misfits piecemeal, but will obtain significant nonlinear positive increases when misfits are fixed within a holistic or systems approach. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8130 Files in this item: 1
8791023009.pdf (2.604Mb)